The exact percentage of functional surfactant in a batch is determined via a two-phase titration (e.g., Epton Titration) using a cationic standard solution (like Hyamine) and an anionic indicator dye (Methylene Blue).
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: Hot air (250–350°C) blown from the bottom of the tower evaporates the water as the droplets fall. This forms porous, free-flowing granules.
Carry a negative charge. They offer excellent oil and particulate soil removal. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) are the most widely used anionic surfactants in household detergents due to their high foaming and cost-effective cleaning profiles. This forms porous, free-flowing granules
| Parameter | Method | Acceptable range | |---|---|---| | Active matter content | Hyamine titration / Two-phase titration | 15-30% (powder), 10-25% (liquid) | | pH (1% solution) | pH meter | 9.5-10.5 (powder), 7.5-8.5 (liquid) | | Foam height (Ross-Miles) | 0.05% soln, 40°C | 80-150 mm initial | | Moisture content (powder) | Oven dry at 105°C | < 8% | | Viscosity (liquid) | Brookfield spindle #2 | 200-800 cP |
: Produced by ethoxylation of lauryl alcohol followed by sulfation. Provides high foaming, mildness to skin, and better tolerance to hard water compared to LAS. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Sodium Lauryl Ether
Every successful detergent formulation balances multiple chemical components to target specific soils while maintaining stability and safety. Surfactants (Surface Active Agents)
: Crystalline aluminosilicates that function via ion exchange, trapping calcium ions inside their framework structure.
Cationic surfactants carry a positive charge. They are generally poor cleaners but bond strongly to negatively charged fabric surfaces.